Web Reference: Jul 23, 2025 · Mutations are of different types based on what kind of changes occur in the genetic sequence. An amino acid sequence in a protein is determined by the nucleotide sequence in a gene. In this article, we will cover the genetic code and mutations. There was originally a simple and widely accepted argument that the genetic code should be universal: namely, that any variation in the genetic code would be lethal to the organism (although Crick had stated that viruses were an exception). A major landmark was attained in 1953 when American geneticist and biophysicist James D. Watson and British biophysicists Francis Crick and Maurice Wilkins devised a double helix model for DNA structure. Their breakthrough was made possible by the work of British scientist Rosalind Franklin, whose X-ray diffraction studies of the DNA molecule shed light on its helical structure. The double helix model showed that DNA was capable of self-replication by separating its complementary strands and using them as templates for the synthesis of new DNA molecules. Each of the intertwined strands of DNA was proposed to be a chain of chemical groups called nucleotides, of which there were known to be four types. Because proteins are strings of amino acids, it was proposed that a specific nucleotide sequence of DNA could contain a code for an amino acid sequence and hence protein structure. In 1955 American molecular biologist Seymour Benzer, extending earlier studies in Drosophila, showed that the mutant sites within a gene could be mapped in relation to each other. His linear map indicated that the gene itself is a linear structure.
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